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Step-by-step build — 4 steps. Also available as a print sheet.
Cut the frame pieces. Drill pocket holes in each end of the 2x4s plus one long edge of the sides and front (for attaching the top). Assemble with glue and 2-1/2" pocket screws. Paint or stain any parts that will stay exposed and set aside.
Build the seat box frame with pocket holes and 2-1/2" screws, then attach the 1/4" seat panel with glue and 1-1/4" brads. Cut the 5" foam and set it with spray adhesive, cover the foam and box in batting then fabric, and staple to the underside where it won't show.
Assemble the back frame with pocket holes and 2-1/2" screws. Attach the 1/4" back rest with glue and brads — it bends slightly over the curve, which is the point. Set 1" foam with spray adhesive, wrap the back, sides, and top in batting and fabric, and staple to the inside.
Set the upholstered seat box on the leg frame and secure with 2-1/2" pocket screws driven through the upper edges of the frame. Clamp the back frame in place, drill for the carriage bolts through the back's lower stretcher into the seat box and through the back's bottom into the chair frame, and bolt it together with washers. Adjust for square, and it's done.