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Step-by-step build — 14 steps. Also available as a print sheet.
From the plywood or OSB, cut two identical panels with the angled top corners as shown, using a jigsaw for the angled cuts. Save the first corner offcut as a pattern for cutting the second panel's corners, and for the center panel in the next step.
Mark the center of one of the two panels and use the corner pattern from the previous step to mark its sides. Cut carefully with the jigsaw along the marked line only — you need both resulting pieces, one becomes the frame and the other the floating center panel.
Build the headboard frame from the joists, top joist, top spacers, and 4x4 legs. Predrill each 4x4 post halfway through with a bit sized to the screw heads, then the rest of the way with a bit sized to the screw shaft, and join with glue and 3-1/2" screws. If substituting doubled 2x4s for the 4x4 posts, add 1" to the joist lengths to keep the leg footprint correct.
Attach the panel-frame plywood piece (from step 1) to the front of the headboard frame with 2" screws and glue.
This is a good point to paint or stain the exposed legs before the upholstery goes on, since they'll be harder to reach cleanly afterward.
Cut a piece each of batting, burlap, and fabric roughly 5 yards long by 20" wide (save the scraps for the siderails). Staple burlap snugly over the front of the headboard, then batting, then fabric — folding neatly at every corner for a tailored look. Staple to the inside and back of the frame, trim the excess, and upholster down to the bottom of the leg spacers.
Cover the center panel in burlap, batting, and fabric, stapling to its back side. Attach the panel cleat to the top back edge, overhanging about 2" at the top, fastened with 1" screws from behind so no screws show through the fabric. For button-tufting, drill holes through the panel where desired and thread a button through, tying the thread off to a staple on the back.
Slide the upholstered center panel into the upholstered headboard frame and screw the bottom of the panel to the frame's bottom joist.
Build the bed frame from the top/bottom rails and joists — this bed needs no box spring, since the mattress-support slats do that job directly on the frame.
Attach the bottom 4x4 legs to the bed frame, toenailing 3-1/2" screws in at an angle from the leg into the frame.
Wrap the siderails in burlap, batting, and fabric, stapling neatly to the inside, then screw them to the frame.
Wrap the footrail the same way as the siderails, then screw the frame to the footboard.
The bed can be moved into the room in two pieces — the headboard assembly and the bed frame assembly. Join them by screwing from the frame into the headboard.
Screw the mattress-support slats down across the frame. In a humid room, slats (or an actual box spring) let air move under the mattress — solid plywood traps moisture and invites mildew.